This article documents the progres...

This article documents the progression in a continuously ascending gradation of career counseling in Malaysia from 1957--when the British colonizers departed--to 2000 Although counseling, psychology and psychiatry had their foundations in mental health and medical environments, career counseling had its origins in the scheme of schooling and has now spread widely to business and industry. This article instants information on the historic and economic adjoining matter of the development of career counseling, an exploration of the educational method from which career counseling was born, the cultural uncompounded bodys that have formed career counseling in the Malaysian connected thought [i]or[/i] thoughts and the application of M Pope's (1995 2000) stage progressive growth model to the development of career counseling in the Malaysian context

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The history of counseling in Malaysia has been previously documented (Halim, 1984; Lloyd 1987; Scorzelli, 1987) along with the history of psychology (Othman & Rahman, 1991; Ward, 1983) and psychiatry (Buhrich, 1980) Each of these authors expected at one mental health profession in the connection of Malaysian society. No undivided has, however, specifically reported forward the history and development of career counseling in Malaysia.

Although counseling, psychology and psychiatry had their lower parts in mental health and medical environments, career counseling had its origins in the connected view of schooling that has now spread in Malaysia to broadly incorporate business and industry. This article is organized around the historic and economic connected thought [i]or[/i] thoughts an exploration of the educational body from which career counseling was born, the cultural ingredients that have formed career counseling in the Malaysia connected thought [i]or[/i] thoughts and the stages through which the agriculture has gone in the disentanglement of career counseling.

Historic and Economic Context

To understand what a nation is now and may be in the what is yet to be it is important to have knowledge of its past and by what mode it developed. Malaysia is geographically positioned at the crossroads of economic trading between the East and the West. Occupying a peninsula jutting down from Thailand, it was alto gether positioned for sailing ships in the 1500 to 1800 to run after its coastline as they searched for an inlet point for trade with Asia. To reach China, traders had to pass from one side the Straits of Malacca, a narrow band of ocean with Malaysia upon the east and the Indonesian island of Sumatra forward the west.

Economic Crossroads

As trade between Asia and Europe became increasingly important to as well-as; not only-but also; not only-but; not alone-but continents (e.g., tea, tin, pepper other spices, silks), European nations compet for curb of these straits because command of the shipping lanes in the Straits of Malacca was critical to like trade (Wallace, 1869; Winstedt, 1981) The middle section of the Straits of Malacca (headquartered at Malacca itself) was controll through first the Indians (400 BCE-539 A.D.), then the native Malays (1445-1511) nearest the Portuguese (1511-1647), and then the Dutch (1647-1824); all the while, the Chinese kept political and economic relationships with each of recent origin ruler (Winstedt, 1981). None of these nations desired to colonize the whole of the area if it were not that only to control this important shipping port. The British gained a toehold in Malaysia in 1786 when they evolveed a settlement on Penang Island (at the northern beginning of the Straits of Malacca) and then in 1819 when they expanded a settlement at Singapore (on the chiefly southern tip of the Malayan Peninsula, at the southern conclusion of the Straits of Malacca).

Malaysia was a series of independent states before the British took superintendence each ruled by a king or sultan. According to Tregonning (1966) nearly all of the native Malay community, however, accepted the British behavior as "the British worked with them, respecting their faith, their social texture and their rulers" (p. 18) This was the nerve of the British and l to their fortunate rule. The British mined the tin, gathered the rubber and tea, exhibited a transportation infrastructure (highways and railways) to prepare the goods to seaports for shipping to Great Britain, and lay opened governmental and educational systems that were based in succession their own models.

World War II, however, was the beginning of the last of the British colonization of Malaysia (Tregonning, 1966; Winstedt, 1981) Facing a rising nationalism, the British gave Malaysia its independence in 1957 As they left they installed the Malays in rule and the Chinese in business, paying tribute to a tension that had been a part of Malaysian society for centurys of years (Mohamad, 1970). The British left a legacy immediately after which all modern Malaysia is built--a legacy of "communalism" (divisions into Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities), of educational institutions bearing their imprint, of remarkable roads and transportation, and of a constitutional monarchy in which a king is selecteded every 4 years from among the nine sultans who lordship the Malaysian states.

Cultural Diversity

Malaysia is a rural parts of great cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity.