********** The authors examined t...

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The authors examined the use of counselor answer modes in career counseling, including the overall proportion of each answer mode and the relationship of each replication mode to the working alliance. Participants were 19 counselors-in-training and 26 clients in 78 sessions, making this the largest reported subject of attention of career counselor response accidents Seventy-nine percent of the counselor answers were information, paraphrase, or close-end questions. None of the categorized counselor replications was- significantly and positively related to the working alliance, although counselor self-disclosure had a significant negative correlation with the alliance. The pattern of self-disclosure used was largely irrelevant or self-deprecating.

As Swanson (1995) noted in her review of career counseling proces research, "We know a great deal about the effectiveness of career interventions in general, we know considerably les about career counseling specifically, and we know almost nothing about career counseling process" (p217) Increasingly sophisticated met-a-analytic studies (eg Oliver & Spokane, 1988; Ryan, 1999; Spokane & Oliver, 1983; Whiston, Sexton, & Lasoff, 1998) have consistently lay the foundation of career counseling to demonstrate robust effect sizes, but little is known about what accounts for these positive outcomes

In contrast to the specialization of career counseling, psychotherapy proces research has been actively pursu since the 1940 As Hill and Williams (2000) noted in their fresh review of the psychotherapy proces literature, "The first thing we learned from our literature review is that proces research is alive and well with literally centurys of articles to draw from" (p 671) This accumulated empirical research forms a foundation to explain specifically what it is about the proces of psychotherapy that makes it effective. modern empirical evidence provided through contentment analyses of counselor case notes indicated that there is substantial overlap between the satisfy of career counseling and that of psychotherapy (Anderson & Niles, 1995) Given this overlap, it is possible that the variables that have been establish to be the most critical to issue in psychotherapy might also be important in the escort of career counseling.

undivided of the most consistently critical factors in the psychotherapy proces literature is the working alliance, which has arrive to be seen as a necessary constituent of counseling, regardless of theoretical framework (Gelso & Fretz 1992; Hartley & Strupp 1983; Robbins, 1992) In fact, the working alliance has been shown to account for 30% to 50% of the variance in result measures across a range of studies (see for example, Gelso & Carter, 1985; Horvath & Luborsky, 1993)

In addition, the importance and part of the working alliance in career counseling have begun to gain attention and recognition. Meara and Patton (1994) discussed the working alliance as a guide element in enhancing the counseling of individuals who have career pertain tos In 1995, Heppner and Hendricks investigated the part of the working alliance with an undecided and an indecisive college edifice [i]or[/i] building student, using a single-subject methodology; Heppner and Hendricks lay the foundation of that both clients endorsed the importance of the working alliance in helping them adapted their counseling goals. In addition, sum of two units studies have used hierarchical linear modeling to explore the part of the working alliance in predicting career counseling results (Heppner, Multon, Gysbers, Ellis, & Zook 1998; Multon, Heppner, Gysbers, Zook & Ellis-Kalton, 2001) Although they provide important information about the positive linear progression of the working alliance athwart time, none of these studies have delineated what appears within career counseling that l eads to the disentanglement of a strong working alliance.

Although a number of definitions exist for the working alliance, the single that we used in this investigation is Bordin's (1979) which is the chiefly heuristic, spawning numerous theoretical and empirical works (Kivlighan & Shaughnessy, 1995) Bordin defined the working alliance as a combination of three related ingredients that determine the quality and toughness of all helping alliances. These constitutings are (a) goals, client and counselor agreement forward the goals of treatment; (b) tasks, client and counselor agreement forward the tasks to achieve these goals; and (c) union the development of a personal tie between the client and counselor.

Several studies have shown that there is a relationship between the working alliance and therapy result (see Gaston, 1990; Horvath & Symond 1991) In addition, although the importance of the working alliance is wait fored to wax and wane athwart the course of counseling, chiefly researchers and counselors agree that the quality of the working alliance is especially important in the early phase of counseling (Gelso & Carter, 1985) Specifically, research has shown that the nerve of the alliance after the third session relates positively to result (Hartley & Strupp, 1983; Horvath & Greenberg, 1986; Morgan, Luborsky, Crits-Christoph, Curtis, & Solomon 1982; Saltzman, Luetgert Roth Creaser, & Howard, 1976) If the working alliance is not entire in this early phase, a poor issue is likely to occur (Kokotovic & Tracey, 1990)