Dillworth attempted to discover if ...

Dillworth attempted to discover if there were differences between working mothers and fathers and fix in their sample that more working mothers than fathers experienced negative family-to-work spillover (i.e., experiences in single environment that affect another environment). However, time worn out performing household tasks and upon child care did not predict negative spillover for mothers, although caring for a sick child was a significant spillover predictor for fathers.

Feldman, Sussman, and Zigler researched maternity and paternity leave. They examined individual, marital, and social-contextual factors associated with duration of leave and adaptation to transition to parenthood. Among their findings, shorter maternity leave (<12 weeks) was associated with higher maternal depression, lower parental preoccupation, and higher career centrality, whereas longer paternity leave (>65 days average) was related to positive employer reaction, higher paternal pre-occupation, and higher family salience. Lower parental adjustment to the work character was predicted by shorter parental leave and perceived low-quality child care.

Developmental Theories

Super's (1957) career life-span developmental theory continues to draw attention in this year's research. House noted that Super's (1980) Archway original which seeks to address diverse variables in career growth fails to identify sexual orientation as an important characteristic in career disclosure Her study investigated lesbians' career unfolding barriers within the context of Super's life-span, life-space theories. Ten White participants (ages 42-64 years) articulated a wide variety of barriers across life stages, with the greatest number of barriers experienced in Establishment and Maintenance stages. They give vent toed concerns about discrimination and responsibility for identity management. House argued that of the like kind barriers interfere with the implementation of the self-concept